The Noble Gases
.... lasers.
Argon is the most abundant and most used noble on earth. It was
discovered by Lord Rayleigh and by Sir Walter Ramsey in 1894. Argon makes up
about 1.2 % of the earths atmosphere. It is found naturally in rock and in the
air. It is used for electric light bulbs and floursent tubes. It is also used a
lot in industry.
Krypton a very rare noble was discovered by Sir Walter Ramsey
and by Morris W. Travers. Traces of it are found in natural gas,hot springs and
volcanoes but most of it is in the atmosphere. It is used for incadesent lights
and it is used in high speed photography.
Xenon is the first noble to .....
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Nuclear Power: Cons
.... source of energy that
could lead the way for the near future is solar energy. It is clean efficient
and is already a large part of American and Canadian electricity production.
"Solar energy already supplies about 6% of the nation's [U.S.A] energy ... the
industry is still in an embryonic stage, and opportunity exists for increasing
this contribution by ten times from current levels." (Maidique, 92) It is
obvious that solar power will become a large part of the electricity production
around the world. With future expansion and newer solar cells, the power
production could be increased to about 60-70% of the U.S.A's needs.
Cold fu .....
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Nuclear Legacy
.... we had longed to create. In 1986,
the decision for a nuclear waste depositary proved to be "the most frightening
decision of the decade." Of these sites, three were chosen to be the "most
suitable" for the disposal of nuclear by-products. These three sites consisted
of Hanford, Washington; Yuka Mountain, Nevada; and Defsmith, Texas.
Hanford, Washington is a low populated U.S. city, and is owned by the
Department of Energy. A low populated city is an ideal site for radioactive
disposal. Although the city of Hanford is sparsely populated, geologists fear
the possibility of a nuclear seepage into the Colombia river. The Columbi .....
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Nuclear Fusion
.... neutron that can help sustain further fusion. This is the basic
principal of the hydrogen bomb which employs a brief, controlled thermonuclear
fusion reaction. This was also how the car in the Back to the Future movie
worked. It had a much more sophisticated system of producing a fusion reaction
from things like, old coffee grounds, bananas, and old beer cans. Thermonuclear
reactions depend on high energies, and the possibility of a low-temperature
nuclear fusion has generally been discounted. Little does the scientific
community know about my experiments. I have produced cold fusion in my basement
with things like: st .....
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Solar Cells
.... there is an
"energy gap", in which no electron orbits can exist, between the inner valence
band and outer conduction band [Book 1]. Valence electrons help to bind together
the atoms in a solid by orbiting 2 adjacent nucleii, while conduction electrons,
being less closely bound to the nucleii, are free to move in response to an
applied voltage or electric field. The fewer conduction electrons there are, the
higher the electrical resistivity of the material.
In semiconductors, the materials from which solar sells are made, the
energy gap Eg is fairly small. Because of this, electrons in the valence band
can easily b .....
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Oxygen
.... because without Oxygen, human beings
would not be able to live. Oxygen is probably the single most important element
in the world as we know it. With out Oxygen we would not breath, have water, eat
plants.
Oxygen's Electron configuration is 1S2 + 2S2 + 2P4, it's electron dot
symbol is: .
Gaseous oxygen can be condensed to a pale blue liquid that is
strongly magnetic. Pale blue solid oxygen is produced by compressing the
liquid. The atomic weight of oxygen is 15.9994.Oxygen composes 21
percent by volume or 23.15 percent by weight of the atmosphere; 85.8
percent by weight of the oceans and, as a con .....
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Oxygen
.... oxygen somewhat
later, was the first to publicly announce his findings. The interpretation of
the findings of Priestley and the resultant clarification of the nature of
oxygen as an element was accomplished by the French scientist Antoine-Laurent
LAVOISIER (1743-94). Lavoisier's experimental work, which extended and improved
upon Priestley's experiments, was principally responsible for the understanding
of COMBUSTION and the establishment of the law of conservation of matter.
Lavoisier gave oxygen its name, which is derived from two Greek words that mean
"acid former." Lavoisier held the mistaken idea that oxides, when dissolved in .....
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Ozone
.... product is known as smog. The notorious brownish color of smog is due to
nitrogen dioxide of the mixture. Increased temperature stimulate the reaction,
which is why ozone conditions are worse in the summer. It is an oxidant,
meaning it takes electrons away from other molecules, and disrupts key
structures in cells by starting chain reactions.
Ozone is a serious national problem. Half of the largest urban areas in
the United States exceed the ozone standards. The worst regions in the US
include California and the Texas Gulf coast, and the northeast and the Chicago-
Milwaukee area during the summer. The ozone conditio .....
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The Ozone Layer
.... concerns over
the global increase of carbon dioxide in resent decades, largely as a result of
the burring of fossil fuels. In many other factors of the earth’s present
climate remain more or less constant, the carbon dioxide increase should raise
the average temperature at the earth’s surface. Because warm air can contain
warm water before reaching saturation than cooler air can, the amount of water
would probably increase as the atmosphere got warmer . This process could go on
forever. Although this considered unlikely many negative feed backs could as so
occur, such as increase in cloud cover or increase carbon dioxide abs .....
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Pheromones
.... smell.
Scientific research suggests that there are human pheromones for both
the male and the female. Females have a better developed sense of smell and
testing indicates that they are more responsive to male pheromones than the
reverse.
Research over the years has found that the male pheromones belong to a
class of compounds called steroids, in particular derivatives of androstenone,
which are secreted by perspiration glands on our bodies.
The compound androstenone, and a related product androstenol, are the
most commonly used compounds for testing the effects of pheromones on humans.
The tests usually involve getting .....
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Phosphates
.... calcium and magnesium ions found in natural waters and prevent them from
interfering with the cleansing role of the detergent.
Eutrophication is the progressive over-fertilization of water, in which
festering masses of algae's blooms, choking rivers and lakes. Phosphorus
compounds act as a fertilizer for all plant life, whether free-floating algae
or more substantial rooted weeds, and are implicated in eutrophication. Many
countries control phosphate levels, whereas Switzerland has banned the use of
phosphates.
The marine environment is both fragile and more resistant than the
terrestrial ecosystem. It is fragile f .....
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Phosphates In Water Pollution
.... found in natural waters and prevent them from
interfering with the cleansing role of the detergent.
Eutrophication is the progressive over-fertilization of water, in which
festering masses of algae's blooms, choking rivers and lakes. Phosphorus
compounds act as a fertilizer for all plant life, whether free-floating algae
or more substantial rooted weeds, and are implicated in eutrophication. Many
countries control phosphate levels, whereas Switzerland has banned the use of
phosphates.
The marine environment is both fragile and more resistant than the
terrestrial ecosystem. It is fragile for the reasons that nutrients are
gen .....
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