Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics is an analysis of character and intelligence as they relate to happiness. Here, Aristotle distinguished two kinds of "virtue," or human excellence: moral and intellectual. Moral virtue is an expression of character, formed by habits reflecting repeated choices. It is a mean between two less desirable extremes. Courage, for example, is a mean between cowardice and thoughtless rashness. Intellectual virtues are not subject to this doctrine of the mean. Nevertheless, it seemed Aristotle argued for an elitist ethics: where what’s good or virtuous can be realized only by the mature male adult of the up....

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